在檢修維護換熱器汽包時發現汽包封頭泄漏，在汽包封頭的閥蓋角焊縫處出現裂紋，裂紋平行于焊縫。采用宏觀形貌分析、化學成分分析、金相檢驗、顯微硬度測定、能譜分析以及應力分析等方法對泄漏處進行了分析。結果表明，汽包中水質含有較高濃度的堿性元素和氯、硫、氧等強腐蝕性元素，最好換熱器廠家又在焊接殘余應力的作用下發生應力腐蝕開裂，最后導致汽包封頭產生泄漏。應力腐蝕；沿晶；堿脆；軋制帶狀組織某化工廠換熱器汽包于1996年投入使用，于2005年上半年維護檢修時發現滲漏。陜西換熱器經去除外(wai)(wai)面(mian)保溫(wen)材料(liao)后(hou)，發現汽(qi)包(bao)(bao)封頭的蓋板角(jiao)焊(han)縫位置出(chu)現裂紋，裂紋為穿透(tou)型，起(qi)源于(yu)汽(qi)包(bao)(bao)封頭內表面(mian)，換熱(re)器外(wai)(wai)形尺寸為1632mm9423mm，汽(qi)包(bao)(bao)封頭外(wai)(wai)形尺寸1632mm400mm，汽(qi)包(bao)(bao)封頭材料(liao)為16MnR鋼。

管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)又(you)稱列(lie)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)、列(lie)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)、殼(ke)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)、殼(ke)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)，關于管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)名稱各種(zhong)(zhong)叫法(fa)都有，比(bi)較常見說法(fa)就是管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)和列(lie)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)組成(cheng)及優點(dian)： 管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)式(shi)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)主要有殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)(ti)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)束(shu)(shu)、折流板、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)板和封頭(tou)等(deng)部(bu)分(fen)組成(cheng)，殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)(ti)多呈圓形,內部(bu)裝有平行(xing)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)束(shu)(shu)或者螺(luo)旋(xuan)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)束(shu)(shu)安裝在殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)(ti)內，兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)固定于管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)板上(shang)，封頭(tou)用(yong)螺(luo)栓與殼(ke)體(ti)(ti)(ti)兩(liang)端(duan)(duan)的(de)法(fa)蘭相連。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)內進行(xing)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)流體(ti)(ti)(ti)在管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)內進行(xing)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)流體(ti)(ti)(ti)：（1）一種(zhong)(zhong)在管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內流動，其行(xing)程(cheng)稱為(wei)(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)程(cheng)；（2）一種(zhong)(zhong)在管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外流動,其行(xing)程(cheng)稱為(wei)(wei)殼(ke)程(cheng)；（3）管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)束(shu)(shu)的(de)壁面(mian)即為(wei)(wei)傳熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)面(mian)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)子(zi)的(de)型號不一，過程(cheng)一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)直徑16mm20mm或者25mm三個型號；4）管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)壁厚度一般(ban)為(wei)(wei)1mm，1.5mm，2mm以及2.5mm。

容積(ji)式(shi)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)高(gao)效傳(chuan)(chuan)熱(re)(re)(re)管(guan)—螺紋管(guan)作為換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)元(yuan)件，傳(chuan)(chuan)熱(re)(re)(re)系數高(gao)，比光管(guan)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)高(gao)1—3倍(bei)，流動阻力小(xiao)，消耗(hao)動力少。由于(yu)在(zai)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)部結構上有(you)了(le)重大改進(jin)，使換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)各項性能(neng)指(zhi)標(biao)均有(you)顯著提高(gao)。容積(ji)式(shi)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)具備一定的(de)水(shui)存(cun)儲(chu)量，在(zai)賓館、飯店、機關、學校、醫(yi)院、工(gong)(gong)廠、礦山(shan)等工(gong)(gong)業與民用(yong)(yong)建(jian)筑的(de)生活(huo)熱(re)(re)(re)水(shui)供應系統中，應用(yong)(yong)廣(guang)泛。容積(ji)式(shi)換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)特(te)點：1. 換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)材(cai)質(zhi)根(gen)據介質(zhi)的(de)不(bu)同，可選用(yong)(yong)碳素鋼(gang)(gang)、不(bu)銹(xiu)(SUS304,SUS316,SUS316L)、銅管(guan)及(ji)其它特(te)殊材(cai)質(zhi)。2. 換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(qi)內(nei)(nei)的(de)流體充分，抗垢能(neng)力強。3. 罐內(nei)(nei)全部儲(chu)存(cun)熱(re)(re)(re)水(shui)，無滯水(shui)、冷水(shui)區(qu)，溶(rong)積(ji)利用(yong)(yong)率高(gao)。4. 殼(ke)體為不(bu)銹(xiu)鋼(gang)(gang)Ocr18Ni9或Q235B內(nei)(nei)襯紫銅板外壁涂漆防腐，換(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)管(guan)采(cai)用(yong)(yong)T2紫銅管(guan)。應用(yong)(yong)領域：賓館、酒(jiu)店、住宅小(xiao)區(qu)及(ji)其他生活(huo)與工(gong)(gong)業的(de)熱(re)(re)(re)水(shui)供應。主要參數：工(gong)(gong)作壓(ya)力：0.2～2.5Mpa產熱(re)(re)(re)水(shui)量：0.4m3/h～60m3/h

管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)式換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)(shell and tube heat exchanger)又稱列管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)式換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)式換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)以封閉(bi)在(zai)(zai)(zai)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)體(ti)(ti)中管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)束(shu)(shu)的(de)壁面(mian)(mian)作為(wei)傳(chuan)(chuan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)面(mian)(mian)的(de)間壁式換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)。這種(zhong)(zhong)換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)較簡(jian)單，操作可(ke)(ke)靠，可(ke)(ke)用(yong)各種(zhong)(zhong)結(jie)(jie)構(gou)材料（主要是(shi)金屬材料）制(zhi)造，能在(zai)(zai)(zai)高(gao)溫、高(gao)壓(ya)下使用(yong)，是(shi)目前應用(yong)廣(guang)的(de)類(lei)型。管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)式換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)是(shi)怎樣運(yun)行的(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)式換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)器(qi)(qi)由殼(ke)(ke)(ke)體(ti)(ti)、傳(chuan)(chuan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)束(shu)(shu)、管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)板、折流(liu)(liu)板（擋(dang)板）和管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)箱等部(bu)件組成(cheng)。殼(ke)(ke)(ke)體(ti)(ti)多為(wei)圓筒形(xing)，內部(bu)裝(zhuang)有管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)束(shu)(shu)，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)束(shu)(shu)兩(liang)端固定(ding)在(zai)(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)板上。進行換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)的(de)冷熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)兩(liang)種(zhong)(zhong)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)，一種(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)內流(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)，稱為(wei)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)程(cheng)(cheng)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)；另一種(zhong)(zhong)在(zai)(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)流(liu)(liu)動(dong)(dong)，稱為(wei)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)。為(wei)提(ti)高(gao)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)的(de)傳(chuan)(chuan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)分系數(shu)，通常在(zai)(zai)(zai)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)體(ti)(ti)內安裝(zhuang)若干(gan)擋(dang)板。擋(dang)板可(ke)(ke)提(ti)高(gao)殼(ke)(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)速(su)度，迫(po)使流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)按(an)(an)規定(ding)路程(cheng)(cheng)多次橫向(xiang)通過管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)束(shu)(shu)，增強流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)湍(tuan)流(liu)(liu)程(cheng)(cheng)度。換(huan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)在(zai)(zai)(zai)管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)板上可(ke)(ke)按(an)(an)等邊三角形(xing)或正方(fang)形(xing)排列。等邊三角形(xing)排列較緊湊，管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)湍(tuan)動(dong)(dong)程(cheng)(cheng)度高(gao)，傳(chuan)(chuan)熱(re)(re)(re)(re)(re)分系數(shu)大；正方(fang)形(xing)排列則管(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)(guan)外(wai)清(qing)洗方(fang)便，適用(yong)于(yu)易結(jie)(jie)垢(gou)的(de)流(liu)(liu)體(ti)(ti)。

用戶要依(yi)據介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)特(te)性，然后從利(li)于換熱，降(jiang)低設備腐蝕，減小壓力(li)降(jiang)和清(qing)洗維護簡單這(zhe)(zhe)幾(ji)個(ge)(ge)方便來進選擇(ze)。那么選擇(ze)好了(le)換熱器(qi)倆種介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)誰走(zou)管(guan)(guan)(guan)程(cheng)(cheng)誰走(zou)殼(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)又成(cheng)(cheng)了(le)大(da)家關注的(de)(de)重點(dian)，其實大(da)部分的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)(ke)式換熱器(qi)上面都是會標出(chu)介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)的(de)(de)方面和那個(ge)(ge)管(guan)(guan)(guan)道走(zou)什(shen)么介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)，不過(guo)也有(you)的(de)(de)廠(chang)家不會標出(chu)，所(suo)以小編(bian)就來給大(da)家解(jie)答這(zhe)(zhe)個(ge)(ge)問題(ti)。可(ke)能會腐蝕管(guan)(guan)(guan)殼(ke)(ke)式換熱器(qi)的(de)(de)流體(ti)經過(guo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)程(cheng)(cheng)，因其經過(guo)殼(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)可(ke)能會使得換熱設備的(de)(de)管(guan)(guan)(guan)程(cheng)(cheng)與殼(ke)(ke)程(cheng)(cheng)都被介(jie)(jie)質(zhi)腐蝕；包含(han)有(you)毒物質(zhi)的(de)(de)流體(ti)經過(guo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)程(cheng)(cheng)，這(zhe)(zhe)樣(yang)一來就不會往外滲漏。水壓較(jiao)高的(de)(de)流體(ti)經過(guo)管(guan)(guan)(guan)程(cheng)(cheng)，可(ke)以防(fang)止設備因為(wei)壓力(li)過(guo)大(da)，所(suo)以去加厚管(guan)(guan)(guan)壁，造(zao)成(cheng)(cheng)材料浪費，資(zi)金投入增多(duo)；